Just replace the timing set and be sure to remove and clean out the oil pickup screen. I think the only issue, as far as the bearings, would be if the pieces clogged up the entire oil pickup screen and in that event you should have noticed your oil pressure idiot light coming on and/or low oil pressure if you have a gauge. If you were not getting low oil pressure than the pieces would have been taken care by the oil filter and everything should be OK.
These vinyl sprokets failed on a lot of GM cars from the 70's and 80's, and did not usually result in a rebuilt motor, (just left the drivers dead on the road with little warning!!). Usually the timing set or even just the sproket was replaced (mechanics routinely would not even remove the oil pans, just replace the timing set), and it was good to go for many miles.
Especially since you want to save the $$ and are not racing the car, save your money and just fix the problem.