The passing on the right got me. That is the only one I will admit I got wrong.
In NYS the yellow does not mean you MUST stop. I really can't imagine in many states that it does because that doesn't make any sense. If you are in an intersection or about 10 ft from the light and it changes to yellow you would have to slam your brakes on and you would NOT be able to stop in time and cause WAY more of a hazard than if you were to just continue through. Again not practical. Why not just go from green to red then?
The statute reads if one can safely stop they shall. The example you gave would not require one to stop.
Yellow means stop. Meaning, if it turns yellow and you can stop you shall. The fact is most people think if they speed up and get thru the yellow light before it turns red then they have now proceeded thru the traffic light lawfully because their car reached the other side of the intersection before it turned red. They have not.
Most violate the red light statute by speeding up thru the yellow light to get thru it before it turns red period. Yellow means stop so people don't do just that and T-bone others when the other light turns green and they are now doing 60 mph in a 25 and wern't able to get enough speed to clear the intersection for various reasons. Traction, mechanical failure, unfamiliar with cars power, etc.... So not only do you have an accident you have a high speed accident.
The exteneded yellow gives you the opportunity to exercise you brakes immediately when you see yellow giving you time to stop over a short distance if need be.
Changing from green to red instantly would cause more accidents then prevent because if someone was 50 feet from the intersection and applied their brakes immediately due to an instant RED light they would surely eat the light for which the other side would now have a green light. Would not work at all.
You have to give people the opportunity to clear the intersection by slowing their speeds which is why the law requires you to stop when you see yellow.
There are a couple of intersections in the town I work for that have terrible intersections with lights that change way too fast and cars are always getten clipped. I have told the city engineers about but they don't give a chit.
If you are traveling the speed limit anywhere between 35-45 mph on a non LAH and the light turns yellow and you are less then say a 100 feet from the intersection you will have time to apply your brakes. Its easier and quicker to either accelerate or just coast thru but illegal if you had ample time to apply your brakes and didn't.